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This page covers how to use persistent workers, the benefits, requirements, and how workers affect sandboxing. A persistent worker is a long-running process started by the Bazel server, which functions as a wrapper around the actual tool (typically a compiler), or is the tool itself. In order to benefit from persistent workers, the tool must support doing a sequence of compilations, and the wrapper needs to translate between the tool’s API and the request/response format described below. The same worker might be called with and without the --persistent_worker flag in the same build, and is responsible for appropriately starting and talking to the tool, as well as shutting down workers on exit. Each worker instance is assigned (but not chrooted to) a separate working directory under <outputBase>/bazel-workers. Using persistent workers is an execution strategy that decreases start-up overhead, allows more JIT compilation, and enables caching of for example the abstract syntax trees in the action execution. This strategy achieves these improvements by sending multiple requests to a long-running process. Persistent workers are implemented for multiple languages, including Java, Scala, Kotlin, and more. Programs using a NodeJS runtime can use the @bazel/worker helper library to implement the worker protocol.

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Using persistent workers

Bazel 0.27 and higher uses persistent workers by default when executing builds, though remote execution takes precedence. For actions that do not support persistent workers, Bazel falls back to starting a tool instance for each action. You can explicitly set your build to use persistent workers by setting the worker strategy for the applicable tool mnemonics. As a best practice, this example includes specifying local as a fallback to the worker strategy: 
bazel build //{{ '<var>' }}my:target{{ '</var>' }} --strategy=Javac=worker,local
Using the workers strategy instead of the local strategy can boost compilation speed significantly, depending on implementation. For Java, builds can be 2–4 times faster, sometimes more for incremental compilation. Compiling Bazel is about 2.5 times as fast with workers. For more details, see the “Choosing number of workers” section. If you also have a remote build environment that matches your local build environment, you can use the experimental dynamic strategy, which races a remote execution and a worker execution. To enable the dynamic strategy, pass the —experimental_spawn_scheduler flag. This strategy automatically enables workers, so there is no need to specify the worker strategy, but you can still use local or sandboxed as fallbacks.

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Choosing number of workers

The default number of worker instances per mnemonic is 4, but can be adjusted with the worker_max_instances flag. There is a trade-off between making good use of the available CPUs and the amount of JIT compilation and cache hits you get. With more workers, more targets will pay start-up costs of running non-JITted code and hitting cold caches. If you have a small number of targets to build, a single worker may give the best trade-off between compilation speed and resource usage (for example, see issue #8586. The worker_max_instances flag sets the maximum number of worker instances per mnemonic and flag set (see below), so in a mixed system you could end up using quite a lot of memory if you keep the default value. For incremental builds the benefit of multiple worker instances is even smaller. This graph shows the from-scratch compilation times for Bazel (target //src:bazel) on a 6-core hyper-threaded Intel Xeon 3.5 GHz Linux workstation with 64 GB of RAM. For each worker configuration, five clean builds are run and the average of the last four are taken. Graph of performance improvements of clean builds Figure 1. Graph of performance improvements of clean builds. For this configuration, two workers give the fastest compile, though at only 14% improvement compared to one worker. One worker is a good option if you want to use less memory. Incremental compilation typically benefits even more. Clean builds are relatively rare, but changing a single file between compiles is common, in particular in test-driven development. The above example also has some non-Java packaging actions to it that can overshadow the incremental compile time. Recompiling the Java sources only (//src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/bazel:BazelServer_deploy.jar) after changing an internal string constant in AbstractContainerizingSandboxedSpawn.java gives a 3x speed-up (average of 20 incremental builds with one warmup build discarded): Graph of performance improvements of incremental builds Figure 2. Graph of performance improvements of incremental builds. The speed-up depends on the change being made. A speed-up of a factor 6 is measured in the above situation when a commonly used constant is changed.

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Modifying persistent workers

You can pass the --worker_extra_flag flag to specify start-up flags to workers, keyed by mnemonic. For instance, passing --worker_extra_flag=javac=--debug turns on debugging for Javac only. Only one worker flag can be set per use of this flag, and only for one mnemonic. Workers are not just created separately for each mnemonic, but also for variations in their start-up flags. Each combination of mnemonic and start-up flags is combined into a WorkerKey, and for each WorkerKey up to worker_max_instances workers may be created. See the next section for how the action configuration can also specify set-up flags. Passing the --worker_sandboxing flag makes each worker request use a separate sandbox directory for all its inputs. Setting up the sandbox takes some extra time, especially on macOS, but gives a better correctness guarantee. The --worker_quit_after_build flag is mainly useful for debugging and profiling. This flag forces all workers to quit once a build is done. You can also pass --worker_verbose to get more output about what the workers are doing. This flag is reflected in the verbosity field in WorkRequest, allowing worker implementations to also be more verbose. Workers store their logs in the <outputBase>/bazel-workers directory, for example /tmp/_bazel_larsrc/191013354bebe14fdddae77f2679c3ef/bazel-workers/worker-1-Javac.log. The file name includes the worker id and the mnemonic. Since there can be more than one WorkerKey per mnemonic, you may see more than worker_max_instances log files for a given mnemonic. For Android builds, see details at the Android Build Performance page.

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Implementing persistent workers

See the creating persistent workers page for more information on how to make a worker. This example shows a Starlark configuration for a worker that uses JSON: 
args_file = ctx.actions.declare_file(ctx.label.name + "_args_file")
ctx.actions.write(
    output = args_file,
    content = "\n".join(["-g", "-source", "1.5"] + ctx.files.srcs),
)
ctx.actions.run(
    mnemonic = "SomeCompiler",
    executable = "bin/some_compiler_wrapper",
    inputs = inputs,
    outputs = outputs,
    arguments = [ "-max_mem=4G",  "@%s" % args_file.path],
    execution_requirements = {
        "supports-workers" : "1", "requires-worker-protocol" : "json" }
)
With this definition, the first use of this action would start with executing the command line /bin/some_compiler -max_mem=4G --persistent_worker. A request to compile Foo.java would then look like: NOTE: While the protocol buffer specification uses “snake case” (request_id), the JSON protocol uses “camel case” (requestId). In this document, we will use camel case in the JSON examples, but snake case when talking about the field regardless of protocol. 
{
  "arguments": [ "-g", "-source", "1.5", "Foo.java" ]
  "inputs": [
    { "path": "symlinkfarm/input1", "digest": "d49a..." },
    { "path": "symlinkfarm/input2", "digest": "093d..." },
  ],
}
The worker receives this on stdin in newline-delimited JSON format (because requires-worker-protocol is set to JSON). The worker then performs the action, and sends a JSON-formatted WorkResponse to Bazel on its stdout. Bazel then parses this response and manually converts it to a WorkResponse proto. To communicate with the associated worker using binary-encoded protobuf instead of JSON, requires-worker-protocol would be set to proto, like this: 
  execution_requirements = {
    "supports-workers" : "1" ,
    "requires-worker-protocol" : "proto"
  }
If you do not include requires-worker-protocol in the execution requirements, Bazel will default the worker communication to use protobuf. Bazel derives the WorkerKey from the mnemonic and the shared flags, so if this configuration allowed changing the max_mem parameter, a separate worker would be spawned for each value used. This can lead to excessive memory consumption if too many variations are used. Each worker can currently only process one request at a time. The experimental multiplex workers feature allows using multiple threads, if the underlying tool is multithreaded and the wrapper is set up to understand this. In this GitHub repo, you can see example worker wrappers written in Java as well as in Python. If you are working in JavaScript or TypeScript, the @bazel/worker package and nodejs worker example might be helpful.

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How do workers affect sandboxing?

Using the worker strategy by default does not run the action in a sandbox, similar to the local strategy. You can set the --worker_sandboxing flag to run all workers inside sandboxes, making sure each execution of the tool only sees the input files it’s supposed to have. The tool may still leak information between requests internally, for instance through a cache. Using dynamic strategy requires workers to be sandboxed. To allow correct use of compiler caches with workers, a digest is passed along with each input file. Thus the compiler or the wrapper can check if the input is still valid without having to read the file. Even when using the input digests to guard against unwanted caching, sandboxed workers offer less strict sandboxing than a pure sandbox, because the tool may keep other internal state that has been affected by previous requests. Multiplex workers can only be sandboxed if the worker implementation support it, and this sandboxing must be separately enabled with the --experimental_worker_multiplex_sandboxing flag. See more details in the design doc).

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Further reading

For more information on persistent workers, see: